Almaz/Dorzhpalam and Diamond/Almaz come from the Greek word "adamas" which means invincible. It does not dissolve in alkaline, and is formed by the effect of very high pressure and temperature of the magma, and also originates from kimberlite. Among the gemstones, the one with the simplest chemical structure is diamond - crystalline carbonate S. This stone is the most valuable and hardest mineral on earth. Its hardness is 10 on the Mohs scale. The value of a diamond depends largely on the weight of the stone. A maximum of 3-4 carats will be mined from 1 ton of ore. A 1 carat diamond can cost up to $10,000 depending on quality. About 20 countries, including Australia, the United African Union, Russia, Brazil, Congo, Namibia, Angola, and Tanzania, are among the countries rich in diamonds.

Emerald / Binderya, Emerald / Emerald is called "smargados" and comes from the ancient Greek word meaning green. The gemstone is a type of beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) and has a green color due to certain compounds of chromium and vanadium oxide, and has a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale. It is very rare for emeralds to be uncracked, and especially for emeralds, almost all of them have been treated to increase clarity. The value of emeralds lies in their deep green color, and more recently, artificial emeralds have been produced by synthetic hydrothermal multiplication of colorless beryl. Colombia is the largest producer of emeralds in the world. It alone supplies 50-95% of the world's emeralds. A rare trapiche emerald, known for its hexagonal structure, has been found in Colombia.

Rudmaarag / Ruby / Rudmaarag comes from the Latin word / Ruby / meaning red. This gemstone is composed of aluminum oxide ( Al2O3:Cr ), but is colored red, reddish purple, and pink by chromium. It is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, and is found in syenite, pegmatite, and high-grade metamorphic rocks and occurs in alluvial deposits. Larger quality rubies are sometimes more expensive than diamonds. In the world market today, a ruby with a weight of 0.5-1.0 carats is sold for 500-4000 US dollars. dollars, 300-3000 US dollars if the quality is a little low. dollars, 85-250 US dollars for dark color. dollars. There are very few deposits of rubies in the world and they are found in varying amounts in Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. The main ruby deposits are in northern Burma, where only about 1% of all mined rubies qualify as gemstones. Rubies are found in very small quantities. Also, the largest ruby in the world was found in Burma, and its weight was 400 carats.

The origin of the name Indraanil / Sapphire / Indraanil is not clear, it came from the Latin version of the Greek word sapphirus, and a similar word is found in Persian and old Hebrew. Blue corundum has been called sapphire. This gemstone is a grade 1 gemstone composed of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). It can be clear, bluish-purple to indigo-blue in color. It is one of the hardest gemstones with a hardness of 9 on the same hardness scale as ruby, and it is formed in syenite, pegmatite and high-grade metamorphic rocks regardless of origin. Large sapphire deposits are located in Burma, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, Thailand, India and Australia.

Pearl belongs to the category of precious stones, but it is an organic product. Pearls are formed from live snails or shells. When a worm enters a wound, the foreign body is covered with hard white tissue, and this process is repeated, and the white tissue enlarges to form a pearl. White pearls are composed of aragonite (calcium carbonate aggregate) and conchiolin (corneal substance). Depending on the place of origin, pearls are classified as marine and freshwater, and depending on how they are formed, they are divided into natural and artificial. Natural pearl mining has become very rare in recent years. Because in order to find a single real pearl, you have to open the shells of thousands of tiny worms and turn them into shells. Therefore, people prefer to extract pearls themselves. The process is almost the same as in nature. The only difference is that people themselves insert foreign objects into the shells. One pearl is formed within 2-7 years. It cannot be polished. Pearls should be handled with care. It is said to be 150 years old when it is used the most. But a 200-year-old pearl turns black and becomes unrecognizable.